The Impact of Different Protein Content of Pollen on Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Development
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2018
Pages:
23-27
Received:
20 September 2018
Accepted:
8 October 2018
Published:
5 November 2018
Abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of the protein content of pollen on the development of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). The protein content of the pollen influenced the development of the honey bees, and should be taken into consideration as an essential factor. The pollen collected in different periods of the year has a different protein value. The protein content in the examined samples throughout the three seasons ranged from 13.9% to 27.8%, and the average value was 20.9%. Pollen from plants blooming in spring had higher protein content (21.1–27.8%) than those from summer (13.9–23.5%) and autumn (15.1–25.1%). The great amount of pollen that honey bees collected in spring and its richness in proteins could explain the strong growth of brood and population during this period. The development of bee colonies is higher, when honey bees collect pollen with higher protein content. The higher it is, the higher development is. During the spring the pollen with protein content over 21%, and especially over 27% allows the colonies to maintain a high level of development. When autumn providing pollen with high protein content, the bee colonies grow faster in the early spring of the following year as well. Considering the fact that the new beekeeping season started at the end of August and at the beginning of September of the previous year, the amount of protein in the pollen was of great importance for rearing a large amount of brood in the early spring, when the blooming of a large number of plants had not yet begun and the bees used mainly the pollen supplies from the previous year. When the protein content is going down, the development of the bee colonies is also restricted. There is a relationship between the protein content of pollen and the development of bee colonies. This study shows, that development of the bee colonies is strongly connected by protein content of pollen, and protein content of pollen is characterized by a great dynamics of pollen sources.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of the protein content of pollen on the development of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). The protein content of the pollen influenced the development of the honey bees, and should be taken into consideration as an essential factor. The pollen collected in different periods of the year has a ...
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Responses of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to Biologically Based Insecticides
Hail Kamel Shannag,
Malak Saleh Al-Haj,
John Lowell Capinera
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2018
Pages:
28-35
Received:
4 October 2018
Accepted:
19 October 2018
Published:
10 November 2018
Abstract: The effects of three bio-insecticides Azatrol [neem: 1.2% azadirachtin A and B], Molt-X [neem: 3% azadirachtin], and Conserve SC [spinosad; 11.6% spinosyn A and spinosyn D], applied at different concentrations were evaluated on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Laboratory bioassays demonstrated that both neem-based insecticides were repellent to adult whiteflies in a dose-dependent manner. The amounts and frequency of honeydew excretion were significantly reduced up to 0.95 by foliar application of these insecticides at the labeled rate, as compared to untreated plants, with the neem products displaying greater effects on food uptake than spinosad. Reduced fecundity and egg hatch also were associated with these bio-insecticides. The bio-insecticides decreased significantly the survival of nymphs, egg hatch and adult emergence when applied systemically via the roots. However, the impacts of neem-based insecticides on all parameters tested were greater than that of spinosad. The results indicate that the biologically based formulations tested were effective in suppressing whitefly abundance and acting as an efficient repellent, though they were not able to completely inhibit food intake. The repellent and antifeedant activities of such natural products render plants unattractive to B. tabaci, thus potentially reducing the incidence of viral diseases transmitted by this pest. The systemic properties of these formulated biopesticides minimize their rapid degradation by strong ultraviolet light and their adverse effects on non-target organisms.
Abstract: The effects of three bio-insecticides Azatrol [neem: 1.2% azadirachtin A and B], Molt-X [neem: 3% azadirachtin], and Conserve SC [spinosad; 11.6% spinosyn A and spinosyn D], applied at different concentrations were evaluated on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Laboratory bioassays ...
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